Participation of active consumers in the electricity system: Design choices for consumer governance

Household electricity use has an increasing impact on the overall energy system. Numerous proposals have been made to support households consume in a system-friendlier manner. By breaking these down into functions and how they are performed, this paper identifies four distinctive governance designs: communities, variable tariffs, local markets virtual power plants. None covers all required each addresses different trade-offs that face. Energy communities focus investing assets, while others target operation of households’ including demand response. Virtual plants attract profit-oriented consumers, primarily normative consumers.